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Ambaqaad Economic Forum, Garowe (2026)

08/10/2022

✓✓ Depreciation

The monetary value of an asset decreases over time due to use, wear and tear or obsolescence. This decrease is measured as depreciation.

Depreciation, i.e. a decrease in an asset's value, may be caused by a number of other factors as well such as unfavorable market conditions, etc. Machinery, equipment, currency are some examples of assets that are likely to depreciate over a specific period of time. Opposite of depreciation is appreciation which is increase in the value of an asset over a period of time.

Accounting estimates the decrease in value using the information regarding the useful life of the asset. This is useful for estimation of property value for taxation purposes like property tax etc. For such assets like real estate, market and economic conditions are likely to be crucial such as in cases of economic downturn.

07/10/2022

✓✓ Measurement of Utility

Utility measurement allows for the analysis of the needs or demand behaviour of a customer. There are two ways to measure utility.

1. Cardinal Utility approach
This approach is believed to be measurable. With cardinal numbers, i.e., quantitative numbers like 1, 2, 3, and so on, one can express satisfaction. These numbers indicate a customer's preference in cardinal measurements, measured in utile. However, measuring utility is not always possible as it cannot add different types of goods together.

2. Ordinal Utility approach
This approach is believed to be comparable. Ratings or Rankings are used to express satisfaction. Comparisons of commodities can be made by assigning them a rank, such as first, third, or seventh. In this way, it shows the preferential order. A value is ordinally measured using a qualitative method. However, evaluating utility concepts is tough.

✓ What is the fundamental difference between positive, negative and zero marginal utility?
The positive utility is the thrill utility that comes with increasing the number of units consumed.
The negative utility applies when an additional consumption unit produces injury or damage, known as overconsumption.
On the other hand, consumers become unbothered to consuming the next unit when they reach a zero utility point.

✓ How are the marginal Utility and total Utility associated?
While total utility refers to how satisfied a person is after consuming a certain amount of an item/goods/service, marginal utility refers to how happy an individual is after consuming one more unit of a thing or service. The total utility will rise when marginal utility is positive. When marginal utility falls below zero, total utility falls.

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03/10/2022

✓✓ What is Elasticity of Demand?
A product’s demand would be “elastic” in case a small price variation causes a much more significant change in the demand. In other words, customers would demand significantly more or less in accordance with a small variation in price. For example, if petrol prices increase, the amount of its demand will go down. But what is the degree of this demand change- is it significant or moderate or tiny. This question can be understood with the elasticity of demand.

Suppose there is a 5% increase in petrol prices. However, it has almost no impact on the demand for petrol. In such a case, we will say that the price elasticity for petrol demand is inelastic. However, if this 5% rise causes a massive drop in petrol demand, then price elasticity for petrol demand shall be elastic.

✓✓ Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

The elasticity of demand is affected by the following three factors:

1. Availability of Substitutes: The demand for a product will be more elastic if there are more substitutes present for it. For example, a good substitute for coffee is tea. So, if the coffee price increases, the customer will purchase more tea. Hence, the demand for coffee will go down significantly.

2. Time duration: The duration of change in price can affect the elasticity of demand. For example, an alcoholic would purchase alcoholic drinks even if their price rises. So, in the short run, alcoholic drinks are inelastic. However, if the price rise continues to stay unchanged for a long duration of time, the alcoholic may begin to get rid of this addiction. As such in the long run, alcohol demand can become elastic.

3. Necessity or Value: If the product has a heavy value or necessity, then its demand is unlikely to change even if the price rises. For example, if prices of medicines massively rise; customers would still be compelled to pay for them. This is because medicines are necessary for treatment and survival.

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01/10/2022

✓✓ Law of Diminishing Utility

In this article, we will learn what is law of diminishing utility is by going through the law of diminishing utility definition. The law of diminishing marginal utility holds that as we consume more of an item, the amount of satisfaction produced by each additional unit of that good declines. The change in utility gained from utilizing an additional unit of a product is known as marginal utility.

According to many economists like Dr Marshall, the law of diminishing marginal utility definition is when the additional benefit that a person derives from a given increase of his stock of anything diminishes with the increase in the stock that he already has. The law states that the more we have of a commodity, the less we want to have more of it as the utility derived from every success unit of the commodity keeps on declining when more is consumed.

John, for example, is starving and hasn't consumed anything for a while. When he eventually starts to consume, the very first piece will provide him with a considerable measure of satisfaction. As he continues to eat even more meals, his hunger will wane to the extent that he no longer wants to eat.

✓✓ Assumptions of the Law:

Units of commodities consumed should be identical or homogeneous, that is, the same in all respects.

Units should be consumed in quick succession with minimal breaks in between.

Units should be of a standard size, that is, neither too big nor too small.

The taste of the consumers should be constant.

There should be no change in the price of substitute goods. If the prices of substitute goods change, it may become difficult to have an idea about the utility that the consumer might get from the main commodity.

The utility is measurable.

The consumer is rational while making consumption decisions.

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08/08/2022

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15/06/2022

✓✓ What is the “Invisible Hand”?

The concept of the “invisible hand” was invented by the Scottish Enlightenment thinker, Adam Smith. It refers to the invisible market force that brings a free market to equilibrium with levels of supply and demand by actions of self-interested individuals.

The concept was first introduced by Smith in “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” in 1759 and he used it again in his book, “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,” which was published in 1776. The theory states that individuals that trade in a free market pursuing their own interests will end up maximizing social benefits. Furthermore, the benefits derived from the free market are maximum and more than those in a regulated and planned economy.

According to the theory, the motivation to maximize profits drives a free economy. Every individual, acting in their self-interest, generates a demand or supply which compels others to buy or sell goods or services. In return, he either receives or pays compensation and one party makes a profit. In this process of exchange in a free economy, resources are allocated in the most efficient manner.

The invisible hand theory basically tries to convey that without any intervention, if all individuals in the economy act in their best self-interest, the result is automatically in the best interests of the economy. The results will always be better than those of a centrally planned and regulated economy.

If each consumer is allowed to choose what and how much to buy and each producer is free to choose its production quantity, technique, and prices, it will be beneficial, as a whole, to the economy. Producers would use an efficient method of production to cut costs and charge low prices to maximize revenue. Consumers would buy from sellers who offer the lowest price. Also, investors would invest in industries that maximize their return. All this would take place automatically if the economy is set free.

09/06/2022

Waa maxay Dhaqaale?

Waxaa macquul ah inaad in badan isweydiisay su’aashaan ah “Waa Maxay Dhaqaale?” Waxaa in badan su’aashaan isweydiiyay dhaqaalyahaano badan sida ku xusan taariikhda wadamada aadka u wanaagsan yahay dhaqaalahooda maanta. Su’aashaan ayaa ah su’aal soo jireen ah waxaana la isweydiin jiray qarniyo badan ka hor.
Haddii aad ka raadiso qaamuusyada, erayga “dhaqaale” wuxuu u qeexayaa dhaqaalaha sida “daraasaynta ama baarista wax soo saarka, qaybinta, iyo isticmaalka Xoolaha ee bulshada iyo aadanaha”

Waa Maxay Dhaqaale?
jawaabta aan ka bixinaayo su’aashaas, waxay u badan tahay wax ay weheliyaan khadadka soo socda:
“Dhaqaalaha waa daraasad, sida shakhsiyaad iyo kooxo go’aamo ugu gaaraan khayraadka kooban iyagoo isticmaalayo sida ugu wanaagsan ee loo isticmaali karo ama loo baahi tiri karo baahida iyo rabitaanka dadka”
In la fahmo dhaqaalaha waa muhiim, marwalbo waxaan go’aan gaari karnaa markii aan ogaano halka uu marayo dhaqaalaha, Haddii aad iibsanayso guri marka h**e waxaa wanaagsan inaad faa’ido weyn ka heli karto mustaqbalka soo socda adigoo saadaalinaya dhaqaalaha ka jira dalka.

Dhaqaalaha waa shey ku tiirsan nolosheena maalin walbo. Waxaad rabtaa inaad jaamacad aado, waxaad isweydiinaysaa haddii aad jaamacad aado maxaa faa’ido kuugu jira? Xaguu marayaa suuqa shaqada ee aan doonaayo inaan ka barto jaamacada? Haddii ay timaado codeynta madaxweyne, waxaad isweydiinaysaa siyaasigee ayaan u codeyn karaa? Muxu kugu soo kordhin kara siyaasigan haddii aad doorato? Muwaadanka dhabta ah marwalbo wuxuu u codeeyaa siyaasiga ka fekera danaha guud ee dalka ee ma ahan mid dantiisa dhaqaale oo kaliya meesha ka fiirsada. Waxwalbo dunidda aan joogno waxaa lagu saleeyaa dhaqaalo.
Haddii aad guursanayso waxaad ka fekeraysaa mahaysataa dhaqaale kugu filan ama shaqo fiican? Ma tahay aabo awoodo inuu bixiyo biilka caruurtiisa? Xageed guri ugu sameynaysaa caruurtaada? Maxaad u qaban kartaa hooyo iyo aabo? Su’aalahaas iyo su’aallo kale ayaad isweydiisaa oo ku saabsan noloshaada maalin walbo.
Dhaqaalaha waa go’aamada aadanaha uu maalin walbo gaaro si nolol wanaagsan uu u helo. Waxaan sameynaa arrimo badan oo kusalaysan dhaqaale, tusaale ahaan Maalin walbo ardayga jaamiciga ah wxuu ku fekeraa waxbarashada iyo siduu guul uga keeni lahaa, maxaa yeelay waxaa u muuqda dhaqaalaha ka soo bixi karo mustaqbalka soo socda. Waxaad ku fekeraysaa inaad dibadda aado, waxaan shaki ku jirin inaad wadankaas u aadayso inaad ka hesho dhaqaale si aad naftaada ay u hesho farxad ku filan.

Gunaanadka:
“Dhaqaale”: waa in aad raadisaa Ilo Baahiyahaaga kala duwan dabooli kara, Hanaanka ugu fiican aad u maamulan kartid kuwa aad hadda haysato, iyo sidoo kale lawadaagista ilahaasi dadk kale, adoo intaasoo dhan usamayna si aad uhesho nolol barwaaqeysan.
waxaa sidaasi horumar, barwaaqo ku gaari kara Qof, Qoys, Bulsho iyo Dowlado, waana dhabaha ay Horumarka Dhaqaale ku gaareen wadmada maanta loo yaqaano “developed countries” ama wadamada horumary.

09/06/2022

Adam Smith: Aabaha dhaqaalaha
Adam Smith waxa uu ahaa faylasuuf qarnigii 18-aad caan ku ahaa aabaha dhaqaalaha casriga ah iyo taageere weyn u ahaa siyaasadaha dhaqaalaha laissez-faire. Buuggiisii ugu horreeyay, "Theory of Moral Sentiments," Smith wuxuu soo jeediyay fikradda gacan aan la arki karin "invisible hands" u janjeera suuqyada xorta ah " free market " si ay isu xakameeyaan iyagoo adeegsanaya tartanka, sahayda iyo baahida, iyo danaha gaarka ah. Smith ayaa sidoo kale caan ku ah aragtidiisa magdhowga kala duwanaanshaha mushaharka, taasoo la macno ah in shaqooyinka khatarta ah ama aan la rabin ay u muuqdaan inay bixiyaan mushahar sare si ay u soo jiitaan shaqaalaha jagooyinkan. Laakiin waxa uu caan ku yahay buuggiisii 1776-dii ee la yidhaa “Inquiry in the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”. Akhri si aad wax uga barato sida uu faylasuufkan Scotland uga dooday Mercantilism si uu u noqdo aabaha ganacsiga xorta ah ee casriga ah iyo abuuraha fikradda hadda loo yaqaan GDP.
Adam Smith: Aabaha dhaqaalaha
Nolosha H**e
Sida ku xusan Taariikhda ee Smith noloshiisii waxay bilaabantay Juun 5, 1723 Scotland; si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalashadiisa saxda ah waa mid aan sharci ahayn. Smith wuxuu dhiganayay Jaamacadda Glasgow da'da 14, ka dib wuxuu dhiganayay Kulliyada Balliol ee sharafta leh ee Jaamacadda Oxford. Ka dib markii uu ka soo laabtay waxbarashadiisii Oxford, Smith waxa uu bilaabay taxane muxaadaro dadweyne ah Edinburgh. Guusha muxaadarooyinku waxay caddeeyeen jaranjaro uu ka gaadhay macalinimo Waxa uu ku bilaabay caqli-gal laakiin markii dambe waxa uu jaamacadda ka dhigay falsafada akhlaaqda. Sannadahaas lagu qaatay waxbaridda iyo umeerinta waxay keentay daabacaadda qaar ka mid ah muxaadarooyinka Smith ee buugiisa 1759, "Theory of Moral Sentiments."
Aasaaska loo yaqaan 'canvas' ee shaqada Smith ayaa la dhigay sanadkan waxaana ka dhashay isdhexgalka uu la yeeshay tirooyin caan ah, oo la xidhiidha meelo badan. Tusaale ahaan, waxa uu saaxiib la ahaa James Watt, oo ahaa hal-abuuraha mishiinka uumiga, iyo sidoo kale faylasuufkii David Hume. Smith wuxuu u guuray Faransiiska 1763 sababtoo ah waxaa loo soo bandhigay boos ka badan oo lacag-bixineed oo ah macalin shakhsi ahaaneed oo ah wiilka Charles Townshend, dhaqaaleyahan hiwaayadda ah iyo Chancellor mustaqbalka ee Khasnajiga. Waxay ahayd intii uu ku sugnaa Faransiiska in Smith uu qoray "Baaritaan ku saabsan Dabeecadda iyo Sababaha Maalka Qaramada," kaas oo ugu dambeyntii xoojin doona booskiisa taariikhda.
QAABKA MUHIIMKA AH
Adam Smith waxa uu ahaa faylasuuf qarnigii 18-aad caan ku ahaa aabaha dhaqaalaha casriga ah iyo taageere weyn u ahaa siyaasadaha dhaqaalaha ee laissez-faire.

Smith wuxuu caan ku yahay gabalkiisii 1776, "The Wealth of Nations," laakiin daawayntiisii ugu horreysay, "Theory of Moral Sentiments," ayaa la sii daayay 1759-kii, qaar badan oo ka mid ah fikradahooda ayaa weli lagu dhaqmaa maanta.
Smith wuxuu bedelay ganacsigii soo dejinta/dhoofinta wuxuuna abuuray fikradda waxa hadda loo yaqaan wax soo saarka guud ee gudaha Gross domestic (GDP).
Qaar ayaa laga yaabaa inay la yaabaan inay ogaadaan in buuggan, Smith, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Aabbaha Capitalism," uu si weyn uga hadlay samafalka iyo anshaxa aadanaha. Iyadoo inta badan falsafada ka dambeysa shaqada Smith ay ku saleysan tahay dano gaar ah iyo soo laabashada ugu badan, "Aragtida Dareenka Akhlaaqda" waxay ahayd qoraal ku saabsan sida isgaarsiinta aadamuhu ugu tiirsan tahay naxariista. Buuggu waxa uu si weyn u baadhay fikradaha ay ka mid yihiin akhlaaqda iyo naxariista dadka. Buugga dhexdiisa, Smith wuxuu ku dooday in dadku ay yihiin kuwo dano gaar ah leh, laakiin dabiici ahaan jecel inay caawiyaan kuwa kale. Wuxuu soo bandhigay fikradda "nin gudaha ah" iyo "daawade aan eex lahayn" oo mas'uul ka ah hagidda ficilka aadanaha. Labaduba waxay gacan ka geystaan in la heshiiyo xamaasadda iyo caqliga, taas oo saldhig u ah nidaamyada dhaqaalaha waxayna saldhig u tahay abuurista hay'adaha bulshada dhexdeeda. Buuggu waxa kale oo ku jira qaybo ka mid ah cilmi-nafsiga bulshada oo ay weheliyaan dareenkeena ilaalinta nafta. Midda h**e waxaa badanaa lagu muujiyaa akhlaaq wadaag iyo cadaalad. Dareenka xad-dhaafka ah wuxuu caddayn karaa inuu waxyeello u geysto labadaba; sidaa awgeed, dareenka bini'aadamka si uu u xakameeyo shucuurta si uu u noqdo qaab bulsho ahaan la aqbali karo.
"Daawade aan eex lahayn" ayaa maskaxdeena ku jira marka aan la falgalayno dadka kale. Bini'aadam ahaan, waxaan leenahay xiriir dabiici ah oo la mid ah caddaaladda sababtoo ah waxay kor u qaadaysaa ilaalinta iyo faafinta bulshada.
Iyadoo ay taasi u muuqan karto inay ka hor imanayso aragtidiisa dhaqaale ee shakhsiyaadka ka shaqaynaya sidii ay naftooda u wanaajin lahaayeen iyaga oo aan danta guud ka eegin, haddana fikradda gacan aan la arki karin oo qof kasta ka caawinaysa shaqada shakhsiyaadka danahooda gaarka ah ayaa meesha ka saaraysa is-diiddan u muuqata.
Hantida Ummadaha
Smith's 1776-kii shaqadii, "Su'aal ku saabsan dabeecadda iyo sababaha hantida Qaramada," sidoo kale loo soo gaabiyo "The Wealth of Nations," ayaa u muuqday bilowgii horumarinta warshadaha ee Yurub. Halka dadka dhaleeceeya ay xuseen in Smith aanu hindisin fikrado badan oo uu wax ka qoray, haddana waxa uu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyey ee ururiyey oo daabacay qaab loo qaabeeyey si uu ugu sharraxo akhristaha caadiga ah ee maalintaas. Natiijo ahaan, waxa uu mas'uul ka yahay faafinta fikrado badan oo ka mid ah fikradaha dugsiga ee loo yaqaan dhaqaalaha qadiimiga ah.
Dhaqaale-yahanno kale ayaa ku dhisay shaqada Smith si ay u xoojiyaan aragtida dhaqaalaha caadiga ah, taas oo noqon doonta dugsiga ugu sarreeya ee fikirka dhaqaalaha iyada oo loo marayo Niyad-jabka Weyn.
Buuggan, Smith waxa uu kaga hadlay marxaladaha horumarka bulshada, laga soo bilaabo marxalad ugaadhsiga oo aan lahayn xuquuq lahaanshaha ama deganaanshaha go'an ilaa beeralayda reer guuraaga ah oo leh guryo guuraya. Bulshada feudal waa marxaladda xigta. Marxaladdan, sharciyo, iyo xuquuqda lahaanshaha ayaa loo dejiyay si loo ilaaliyo dabaqadaha mudnaanta leh. Laissez-faire ama suuqyada xorta ah waxay astaan u tahay bulshada casriga ah ee lagu aasaasay hay'ado cusub si ay u qabtaan macaamil ganacsi.
Falsafada Laissez-faire, sida yaraynta doorka faragelinta dawladda iyo cashuuraha ee suuqyada xorta ah, iyo fikradda ah in "gacan aan la arki karin" ay hagto sahayda iyo baahida ayaa ka mid ah fikradaha muhiimka ah ee qoraalka Smith ayaa mas'uul ka ah horumarinta. Fikradahani waxay ka tarjumayaan fikradda ah in qof kasta, isagoo eegaya naftiisa ama nafteeda, si aan ku talagal ahayn u caawinayo abuurista natiijada ugu fiican ee dhammaan. "Ma aha wanaagga hiliblaha, breweriyaha, ama kibilaha, in aan ka filan karno cashadayada, laakiin iyaga oo tixgelinaya danahooda gaarka ah," Smith ayaa qoray.
Iibinta alaabada ay dadku rabaan inay iibsadaan, hiliblaha, breweriyaha, iyo dubista waxay rajeynayaan inay lacag sameeyaan. Haddii ay wax ku ool u yihiin buuxinta baahiyaha macaamiishooda, waxay ku raaxaysan doonaan abaalmarinta maaliyadeed. In kasta oo ay ku hawlan yihiin ganacsigooda ujeeddo ay lacag ka helaan, waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan alaabooyin ay dadku rabaan. Nidaamkan oo kale, Smith waxa uu ku dooday, in aanu hanti u abuurin hiliblaha, roodhida iyo roodhida, balse waxa uu u abuuraa qaranka guud ahaan marka qarankaas ay ku badan yihiin muwaadiniin si wax-soo-saar leh uga shaqeeya sidii ay naftooda ugu wanaajin lahaayeen, waxna uga qaban lahaayeen baahiyahooda dhaqaale. Sidoo kale, Smith wuxuu xusay in ninku maalkiisa ku maalgalin doono ganacsiga ay u badan tahay inuu ka caawiyo inuu helo soo celinta ugu sareysa ee heerka khatarta ah. Maanta, aragtida gacan-ku-oolka ah ee aan muuqan inta badan waxaa lagu soo bandhigaa ifafaale dabiici ah oo hagaya suuqyada xorta ah iyo hanti-wadaaga jihada waxtarka leh, iyada oo loo marayo sahayda iyo baahida iyo tartanka loogu jiro kheyraadka yar, halkii ay ahayd wax ka soo baxa wanaagga. shakhsiyaad.
"The Wealth of Nations" waa shaqo baaxad leh oo ka kooban laba qaybood oo loo qaybiyay shan buug. Waxay ka duwan tahay "Aragtida Dareenka Akhlaaqda" hal arrin oo weyn. Iyada oo ay la socoto "nin gudaha ah" oo ay ahayd inuu xakameeyo oo xakameeyo rabitaanka aadanaha, waxay ku tiirsan tahay qaab-dhismeedka hay'adaha si ay ugu jiheeyaan bini'aadamka ujeedooyinka waxtarka leh ee faa'iidada u leh bulshada. Hoos-u-dhigista qaabkaas waa tartan, kaas oo Smith uu ku qeexay "rabitaanka innaga oo ka imanaya uurka, oo aan waligeed naga tagin, illaa aan qabriga galno." Qaab-dhismeedku wuxuu ka kooban yahay hay'ado sida nidaamka caddaaladda ee loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo oo kor loogu qaado tartanka xorta ah iyo caddaaladda.
Fikradaha uu soo bandhigay buuggu waxay dhaliyeen dareenka caalamiga ah waxayna gacan ka geysteen in laga guuro hantida dhulka ku salaysan ee loo guuro hantida ay abuurtay hababka wax-soo-saarka isku-dhafka ah ee ay horseedday qaybinta shaqada. Hal tusaale oo Smith soo xigtay ayaa ku lug lahaa shaqada loo baahan yahay si loo sameeyo biin. Hal nin oo qaadaya 18-ka tilaabo ee loo baahan yahay si uu hawlaha u dhamaystiro waxa uu samayn karaa dhawr biin toddobaad kasta, laakiin haddii 18 ka hawlood lagu dhammeeyo qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka 10 nin, wax-soo-saarku waxa uu ku boodi lahaa kumanaan biin todobaadkii.
Marka la soo koobo, Smith wuxuu ku doodayaa in qaybinta shaqada iyo takhasuska ay soo saarto barwaaqo. "Waa isku dhufashada weyn ee wax soo saarka dhammaan farshaxanka kala duwan, taas oo ka dhalatay qaybinta shaqada, taas oo waqtiyo, bulsho si wanaagsan loo maamulo, awoodda caalamiga ah ee isa soo taraysa ilaa heerka ugu hooseeya ee dadka," ayuu yidhi Smith. ee "The Wealth of Nations."
Adam Smith wuxuu abuuray fikradda GDP
Ugu dambeyntii inkastoo fikradaha lagu soo bandhigay "The Wealth of Nations," Smith bedelay ganacsiga soo dejinta / dhoofinta, abuuray fikradda waxa hadda loo yaqaan wax soo saarka guud ee gudaha (GDP), oo ku dooday sarrifka lacag la'aan ah.
Ka hor inta aan la sii dayn "The Wealth of Nations," dalalku waxay ku dhawaaqeen hantidooda oo ku salaysan qiimaha dahabka iyo lacagta kaydka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shaqada Smith waxay ahayd mid aad u dhaleeceyn ah Mercantilism; waxa uu ku dooday in taa badalkeeda wadamada lagu qiimeeyo heerarkooda wax soo saar iyo ganacsi. Dareenkaas waxa uu abuuray aasaaska lagu cabbiro barwaaqada ummadeed iyadoo lagu salaynayo mitir loo yaqaan GDP.
Buuga Smith ka hor, dalalku way ka warwareegeen inay la ganacsadaan wadamada kale, ilaa ay ka faa’iidaystaan mooyaane. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Smith ayaa ku dooday in is-dhaafsiga xorta ah la abuuro, maadaama labada dhinac ganacsigu ay noqdaan kuwo ka sii wanaagsan. Taasi waxay keentay inay kor u kacaan wax soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta, dalalkuna ay qiimeeyaan qiimahooda. Smith waxa kale oo uu ku dooday dawlad kooban. Waxa uu rabay in uu arko dowlad gacan-ku-taag ah iyo sharci u sahlaya suuq furan oo xor ah. Smith waxa uu u arkay dawladda in ay masuul ka tahay qaybo ka mid ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo ay ku jiraan waxbarashada iyo difaaca.

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