Economics Phd

30/07/2026

01/07/2026

USDT Premium Spiked after ED Raid — Risks, Causes, and Market Impact | ODFC Academy (INDIA)

📍 ODFC Academy: http://odfcacademy.com

📍 Welcome to ODFC Academy Podcast where expertise meets practical guidance for India’s evolving crypto markets. Today we examine a recent market shock: India’s USDT stablecoin premium surged above 8.5% after Enforcement Directorate raids on Bengaluru firms reportedly involved in unauthorized cross-border stablecoin transfers. That spike interrupted a major supply channel, pushed entry costs higher for traders, and reduced liquidity—an event that highlights the intersection of enforcement, regulation, and market design.

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13/06/2026

Title: FCNR(B) Deposits
Author: Prof. Sudesh Kumar
Publisher: ODFC Academy · June 2026

Prof. Sudesh Kumar is the founder of ODFC Academy and a recognized RBI policy observer. With deep expertise in monetary policy, foreign exchange management, and banking regulation, he regularly analyzes RBI policy interventions and their implications. His courseware combines academic rigor with practical insight, making complex regulatory concepts accessible to professionals.

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08/06/2026

Bank assets show how large a bank's balance sheet really is. My view is that this is the most direct measure of a bank's economic footprint: more assets usually mean more loans, more securities, more deposits, more financial claims, and correspondingly greater influence over how credit and capital move through the economy.

China's state-linked shows the sheer scale of China's megabanks. My take is that they are not ordinary commercial banks but deeply embedded extensions of government policy—central to infrastructure lending, household savings, corporate finance, and the broader functioning of the .

Japan's is still being a major Asian banking institution with deep institutional roots and regional reach. My view of India's is that it reflects the size and scope of India's financial system itself. I see and as clear evidence of Singapore's strength as a regional finance hub—compact but highly influential banks that channel capital across Southeast Asia.

The lesson, in my view, is simple but fundamental: Large banks help decide where , which industries grow, and how economies are financed. I believe this is why understanding big banks is essential to understanding how modern actually work.

🏡 Prof. Sudesh Kumar Ⓥ 🌿
🌎 Go to: sudeshkumar.com

08/06/2026

*Functionalism and AI: Moral Consequence*

Publisher: The Institute of AI Ethics ⭕

Author: Prof. Sudesh Kumar

READ online @ ai.sudesh.org
LISTEN 🎧 YouTube.com/

References:

📌 Brenner, Samuel K. (2023) *The Hard Problem in the Age of Machines*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

📌 Clarke, Naomi (2020) *The Experience of Other Creatures*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

📌 Churchland, Patricia Smith (1986) *Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

📌 Chalmers, David John (1996) *The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

📌 Dennett, Daniel Clement (1991) *Consciousness Explained*. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.

📌 Dretske, Fred (1981) *Knowledge and the Flow of Information*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

📌 Fodor, Jerry Alan (1975) *The Language of Thought*. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.

📌 Grant, Alan (2022) *The Expanded Functional Stance*. London: Routledge.

📌 Harper, James W. (2019) *Syntax, Semantics, and Simulation*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

📌 Jackson, Frank (1982) 'Epiphenomenal Qualia', *Philosophical Quarterly*, 32(127), pp. 127–136.

📌 Kostova, Elena (2022) *Representational Functionalism Now*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

📌 Mendes, Lena (2021) *Animal Suffering and Moral Circle*. Berkeley: University of California Press.

📌 Miller, Michael E. (2018) *Functional Minds: A Contemporary Guide*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

📌 Nagel, Thomas (1974) *Mortal Questions*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

📌 Putnam, Hilary (1967) 'The Nature of Mental States', in Cohen, R.S. and Wartofsky, M.W. (eds.) *Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology*. (Original paper published 1967).

📌 Reed, David Peter (2021) *Computational Cognition and the AI Era*. New York: Norton.

📌 Searle, John Rogers (1980) *Minds, Brains and Science*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

📌 Singer, Peter (1975) *Animal Liberation*. New York: HarperCollins.

📌 Thompson, Sarah J. (2020) *Multiple Realizability and Moral Status*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Prof. Sudesh Kumar Ⓥ 🌿
Email: [email protected]

20/05/2026

The Reserve Bank of India’s (Commercial Banks – Prudential Norms on Capital Adequacy) Directions, 2025 (with 2026 revisions) establish a Basel III–aligned capital regime for Indian commercial banks to ensure loss absorption and systemic stability.

Important Points -

1. 📌 Minimum capital ratios and composition —

Scheduled commercial banks must maintain a Capital to Risk‑Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 11.5%; urban cooperative banks 9%. Tier‑1 capital must be at least 7% of risk‑weighted assets. Regulatory capital comprises Tier‑1 (CET‑1 plus AT‑1) as the core loss‑absorbing base, and Tier‑2 as supplementary capital, with a 1.25% cap on inclusion of general provisions against credit risk‑weighted assets.

2. 📌 Risk weights and exposure treatment —

Risk‑weighted asset calculations assign weights by asset quality and counterparty type. Claims on non‑resident corporates are mapped to international ratings (S&P, Fitch, Moody’s) and CareEdge Global IFSC Limited for IFSC exposures. Unrated corporates cannot enjoy a better risk weight than their sovereign of incorporation; this prevents sovereign‑rating arbitrage.

3. 📌 Tighter rules for large unrated exposures —

The 2026 amendment imposes a 150% risk weight on claims that are unrated when the bank’s aggregate exposure to the borrower exceeds ₹200 crore, and on exposures that were previously rated above ₹100 crore but have since become unrated. This closes avenues for regulatory arbitrage and raises capital for higher‑risk concentrations.

4. 📌 Provisions, stages and NPAs —

Capital recognition follows an expected credit loss framework: Stage‑1 and Stage‑2 general provisions may be included in Tier‑2 (subject to caps), while Stage‑3 specific provisions for NPAs are excluded from regulatory capital. Banks may either net floating provisions against gross NPAs or include them in Tier‑2 capital; excess provisions from NPA sales remain eligible within the overall cap, providing operational flexibility.

5. 📌 Harmonization and exclusions —

The fourth amendment (effective April 1, 2027) aligns capital adequacy with the 2026 asset‑classification norms, removes legacy provisions, and clarifies that restructuring‑related diminution in value and investment depreciation cannot be recognised as regulatory capital.

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