27/10/2026
In the 20th century polio was one of the most worrying childhood diseases with epidemics in a large number of cities. Today polio is almost eradicated thanks to a safe and effective vaccine.
The virus causing polio was discovered in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper. Landsteiner was later awarded a Nobel Prize for another discovery – that of human blood groups.
Later, in 1949, Enders, Weller and Robbins showed how to produce large quantities of the virus and was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Jonas Salk applied the Enders-Weller-Robbins technique and developed a polio vaccine in 1952.
Visualising the 3D structure of a polio vaccine was enabled by yet another Nobel Prize awarded discovery. Cryo-EM, or cryo-electron microscopy, allows scientists to see intricate details in biological structures. Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson were awarded the 2017 chemistry prize for their work developing the technique.