Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance

Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance Official FB Page of the Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance from PNU.

๐’๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐‘๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐‡๐ฎ๐› ๐’๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฒ ๐“๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐’๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌVice President for Research, ...
20/04/2026

๐’๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐‘๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐‡๐ฎ๐› ๐’๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฒ ๐“๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐’๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ

Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance, Dr. Teresita T. Rungduin convened with the Directors for Research, Extension, Quality Assurance and Development (DREQAD) from Philippine Normal University (PNU) campuses on April 20, 2026, via Zoom to discuss strategies for strengthening the research hubness of the universityโ€™s regional campuses. Among those present were Prof. Aaron Jed Tumbali (PNU South Luzon), Dr. Aragon Dechimo, Jr. (PNU Visayas), and Dr. Elvira Chua (PNU Mindanao).

Central to the discussion was the conduct of an impact study and the development of research centers within the hubs. These hubs are tasked with leading specialized, agenda-driven research that produces meaningful outputs, fosters collaboration, and contributes to policy and community development. In line with the universityโ€™s Strategic Development Plan, establishing research centers is seen as a key step toward institutionalizing expertise, sustaining high-impact research, and enhancing overall research and innovation capacity.

The proposed impact study will provide an evidence base for evaluating the effectiveness of existing hubs, identifying operational gaps, and ensuring alignment with PNUโ€™s broader research agenda. Additionally, the establishment of research centers across regional hubs is expected to create sustainable infrastructure for scholarly excellence, strengthen institutional positioning, and support compliance with National University for Teacher Education (NUTE) approval requirements while enabling access to collaborative funding opportunities.

07/04/2026

We are delighted to share that Prisma Gender and Education Journal has been successfully included in the EBSCOhost databases.

EBSCO Information Services is a well-respected provider of online full-text databases, offering access to peer-reviewed articles from renowned publishers worldwide. This milestone strengthens the visibility and credibility of our journal within the global academic community.

We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation to all our reviewers, referees, and authors who have contributed to the success of the journal. This achievement would not have been possible without your dedication and valuable contributions.

We are truly grateful for your continued support and look forward to your ongoing partnership in maintaining the journalโ€™s high standards of quality and scholarship.

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ—๐ญ๐ก ๐€๐€๐‚๐‚๐”๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality ...
25/03/2026

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐‰๐จ๐ข๐ง ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ—๐ญ๐ก ๐€๐€๐‚๐‚๐”๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”

The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance (OVPREQA) actively participated in the 39th Annual National Conference and General Assembly 2026 of the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP), held from March 24 to 26, 2026, at the Century Park Hotel.

Representing the University were Dr. Teresita T. Rungduin, Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance; Prof. Ruel Avilla, Director of the Quality Assurance Management Office (QAMO); along with QAMO staff members Ms. Ma. Rouella Lagunzad and Mr. Jirich Baldemoro.

This yearโ€™s conference carries the theme, โ€œAdvancing QA: Research, Science and Technology for Transformative Education and Sustainable Development,โ€ highlighting the critical role of quality assurance in driving innovation and ensuring excellence in education. The event brings together experts, practitioners, and institutional leaders from across the country to exchange insights, share best practices, and strengthen collaboration in advancing quality assurance frameworks.

Through their participation, the OVPREQA delegation reaffirms its commitment to enhancing institutional quality standards, fostering research-driven initiatives, and contributing to sustainable and transformative education.

Notably, during the conference, PNU University President Dr. Bert J. Tuga was recognized as a recipient of the Manuel T. Corpus Quality Champion Award, the highest distinction conferred by AACCUP for performance excellence. The award honors SUC Presidents who have demonstrated exemplary leadership in implementing quality management systems.

Under Dr. Tugaโ€™s leadership, PNU has achieved significant milestones through strengthened program offerings and enhanced quality assurance initiatives. These efforts have earned the University prestigious recognitions, including the Philippine Quality Award for Proficiency in Quality Management and the AACCUP Recognition for Highest Number of Programs Accredited, further affirming its commitment to excellence and transformative education.

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐”๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐จ๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐Ÿ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ” ๐ˆ๐’๐Ž ๐ˆ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐€๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ญThe Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Qualit...
24/03/2026

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐”๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐จ๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐Ÿ ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ” ๐ˆ๐’๐Ž ๐ˆ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐€๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ญ

The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance (OVPREQA), under the leadership of Dr. Teresita T. Rungduin, had its ISO Internal Quality Audit for the first quarter of 2026 earlier today, March 24, 2026.

The audit was conducted by Dr. Alfons Jayson Pelgone, Associate Dean of the Faculty of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, who served as the Internal Auditor. His visit formed part of the universityโ€™s continuing efforts to uphold quality standards and ensure compliance with established systems and procedures.

The activity aimed to evaluate the current status of the officeโ€™s Quality Management System (QMS), ensuring that its processes remain aligned with both internal policies and external requirements. In particular, the audit assessed conformity with the standards under the ISO 9001:2015 framework.

Moreover, the audit served as a preparatory step in determining the universityโ€™s readiness for the upcoming ISO 9001:2015 Second Surveillance Visit, which is scheduled to take place in the last quarter of the year. The results of this internal review are expected to guide further improvements and reinforce the institutionโ€™s commitment to quality, efficiency, and continuous development.

Through initiatives such as this, OVPREQA continues to strengthen its role in promoting excellence in research, extension, and quality assurance across the university.

๐’๐ฎ๐›๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ž ๐€๐๐ฏ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐“๐ž๐š๐œ๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ณ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐€๐œ๐ญ ๐€๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ The Civil Service, Gover...
18/02/2026

๐’๐ฎ๐›๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ž ๐€๐๐ฏ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐“๐ž๐š๐œ๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ณ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐€๐œ๐ญ ๐€๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ

The Civil Service, Government Reorganization and Professional Regulation Subcommittee continued deliberations on proposals seeking to amend Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994 last Thursday, February 12, 2026. The proposed amendments aim to align the decades-old law with modern developments and innovations in the teaching profession, ensuring that teacher preparation and professional standards remain responsive to current educational demands.

The subcommittee gathered inputs from key education agencies, including the Department of Education, the Commission on Higher Education, and the Professional Regulation Commission, as well as representatives from teacher education institutions and other stakeholders. Discussions centered on strengthening regulatory mechanisms, enhancing teacher preparation, and ensuring that reforms contribute to improve learner outcomes nationwide.

Senator Win Gatchalian reiterated his position that the proposed amendments must lead to measurable improvements in the quality of Teacher Education Institutions. He emphasized that refining the law presents an opportunity to address existing gaps in the teaching profession.

Representing the Philippine Normal University, Dr. Brando Palomar, Director of the Research Institute for Teacher Quality, participated in the discussion and shared insights on strengthening teacher quality and aligning professional standards with evolving educational needs. His participation emphasizes the Universityโ€™s continuing role in shaping national policies that advance excellence in teacher education and professional development.

(Photos courtesy of Voltaire F. Domingo of the Senate Social Media Unit)

๐๐๐” ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ, ๐๐€๐Œ๐Ž ๐ƒ๐ข๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ž ๐€๐”๐-๐๐€ ๐“๐ข๐ž๐ซ ๐Ÿ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง ๐ˆ๐ฅ๐จ๐ข๐ฅ๐จ ๐‚๐ข๐ญ๐ฒThe Philippine Normal University continues to...
18/02/2026

๐๐๐” ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ, ๐๐€๐Œ๐Ž ๐ƒ๐ข๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ž ๐€๐”๐-๐๐€ ๐“๐ข๐ž๐ซ ๐Ÿ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง ๐ˆ๐ฅ๐จ๐ข๐ฅ๐จ ๐‚๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ

The Philippine Normal University continues to strengthen its quality assurance initiatives as University President Bert J. Tuga, PhD and Quality Assurance Management Office Director Ruel A. Avilla successfully completed the AUN-QA Training Course for Accomplishing Programme Assessment (Tier 1, Version 4.0) held on February 10โ€“13, 2026 at the Richmonde Hotel in Iloilo City.

The training is a foundational capacity-building program under the ASEAN University Network-Quality Assurance (AUN-QA), which supports higher education institutions across the region in advancing quality assurance systems. The course provides a comprehensive understanding of the AUN-QA programme-level assessment framework aligned with Version 4.0 criteria. It highlights key quality assurance principles such as outcomes-based education (OBE), stakeholder engagement, constructive alignment of expected learning outcomes with curriculum design and assessment, and the application of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle for continuous improvement. Through these concepts, institutions are guided in ensuring that programme delivery, academic resources, and student support systems meet internationally benchmarked quality standards.

Designed to be highly practical and workshop-oriented, the four-day course engaged participants in gap analysis, evidence mapping, and the preparation of a Self-Assessment Report (SAR) aligned with AUN-QA requirements. Sessions combined lectures, case analyses, and collaborative exercises simulating actual programme assessment processes. By completing the Tier 1 training, Dr. Tuga and Prof. Avilla further reinforce PNUโ€™s commitment to institutional excellence and continuous improvement, while laying the groundwork for future participation in formal AUN-QA programme assessments and advanced assessor training (Tier 2).

(Photos courtesy of Dr. Bert J. Tuga)

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€โ€™๐ฌ ๐…๐ข๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐„๐ฑ๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐Œ๐š๐ง๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quali...
13/01/2026

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€โ€™๐ฌ ๐…๐ข๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐„๐ฑ๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐Œ๐š๐ง๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ 

The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance (OVPREQA) convened its First Extended Management Committee Meeting on January 12, 2026. The meeting was attended by the directors and key officials under the OVPREQA domain, as well as the Directors of the Office for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance and Development (ODREQAD) from the PNU campuses in North Luzon, South Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Their participation ensured broad representation and alignment across the Universityโ€™s research, extension, and quality assurance units.

The meeting served as a platform for strategic discussion and coordination on priority initiatives for the year. Key agenda items included the presentation of the domainโ€™s proposed 2026 Programs, Activities, and Projects (PAPs), discussion on the Universityhood Celebration activities of the Philippine Normal University, and the discussion of other significant operational and policy-related matters. The discussions aimed to strengthen coherence in program implementation, promote collaboration among campuses, and ensure that planned initiatives are aligned with the Universityโ€™s strategic goals and mandates.

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ฌ ๐˜๐ž๐š๐ซ-๐„๐ง๐ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assuran...
15/12/2025

๐Ž๐•๐๐‘๐„๐๐€ ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ฌ ๐˜๐ž๐š๐ซ-๐„๐ง๐ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ 

The Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Quality Assurance (OVPREQA) successfully held its 2025 Year-End Review and 2026 Planning Workshop on December 10โ€“11, 2025, at the Hotel Benilde Maison De La Salle in Manila.

Under the leadership of Vice President Dr. Teresita T. Rungduin, the domainโ€™s personnel gathered for two days of reflection and strategic planning. The workshop began with a review of the accomplishments of 2025, including a detailed OPCR Review across all Offices under the domain, ensuring alignment with institutional goals.

The second day focused entirely on strategic foresight, with sessions dedicated to drafting the 2026 Operating Plan and Budget and establishing targets for the upcoming year. The core objective was to finalize a roadmap that will further enhance the Universityโ€™s excellence in research output, community engagement through extension, and internal quality assurance systems.

The activity successfully synthesized the domain's efforts, aligning resources and personnel to ensure a strong and impactful 2026. As the University's pillar for the advancement of the country, the OVPREQA remains committed to promoting research, educational quality, extension, and innovation.

Happy birthday, VP Tessa! We wish you a day filled with happiness and love. May the year ahead bring you more blessings!...
06/12/2025

Happy birthday, VP Tessa!

We wish you a day filled with happiness and love. May the year ahead bring you more blessings! ๐Ÿฅณ

04/12/2025

๐Ÿ“ข๐๐„๐– ๐๐”๐๐‹๐ˆ๐‚๐€๐“๐ˆ๐Ž๐ ๐€๐‹๐„๐‘๐“

๐ˆ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐“๐ž๐š๐œ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐’๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ณ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐’๐ฎ๐›๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ-๐“๐š๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ ๐Œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐œ๐ก ๐จ๐ง ๐’๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌโ€™ ๐‹๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Ž๐ฎ๐ญ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐ฌ
๐˜”๐˜ฆ๐˜ซ๐˜ช๐˜ข, ๐˜๐˜ท๐˜บ ๐˜—., ๐˜›๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ฐ, ๐˜ˆ๐˜ญ๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฏ ๐˜‹., ๐˜”๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ, ๐˜™๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฅ ๐˜—., ๐˜”๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜จ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ, ๐˜ˆ๐˜ณ๐˜ญ๐˜บ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜Š., ๐˜‹๐˜ฆ ๐˜๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข, ๐˜‘๐˜ข๐˜บ๐˜ด๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜“., ๐˜Š๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ถ๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ, ๐˜•๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ ๐˜‘., ๐˜‹๐˜ฆ ๐˜—๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฐ, ๐˜Š๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜—., ๐˜š๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ด๐˜ข๐˜บ-๐˜๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ถ๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ข, ๐˜“๐˜ฆ๐˜ช๐˜ฉ ๐˜”๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ด, ๐˜Ž๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ค๐˜ช๐˜ข, ๐˜Ž๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ข ๐˜‹๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜., ๐˜“๐˜ช๐˜ฎ, ๐˜๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ ๐˜“., ๐˜›๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜บ๐˜ข๐˜จ, ๐˜๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ฏ ๐˜๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ด, ๐˜‰๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜บ๐˜ข, ๐˜‘๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฅ ๐˜‹.

Mismatches between teacher specialization and the subjects they teach continue to be an ongoing challenge in the Philippine education system. It affects both pedagogical effectiveness and student learning outcomes. This study sought to investigate the degree of subject-taught mismatch, its influence on student performance, and the underlying factors that contribute to this misalignment. It employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative analysis of the extent of teachersโ€™ specialization and subject-taught mismatch and its relationship with student examination scores, along with qualitative data from teacher interviews and surveys. The methodology encompasses an examination of existing datasets, the collection of primary data through surveys and interviews, and the statistical analysis of student performance metrics. Results showed a moderate positive relationship between teacher specialization alignment and studentsโ€™ examination scores, suggesting that learners taught by specialized teachers generally exhibit higher levels of achievement. Findings also revealed that teachers frequently encounter multiple misalignments, rather than a single mismatch, between their specialization and assigned subjects. Furthermore, qualitative feedback indicated that teachers teaching outside their field of specialization experienced difficulties, including decreased confidence, heightened preparation time, and challenges in addressing student misconceptions. The study highlights significant policy implications, such as the necessity for systematic teacher recruitment and assignment procedures that promote specialized alignment, improved professional development programs for out-of-field teachers, and reinforced collaboration among educational institutions. To alleviate the adverse consequences of subject mismatch, educational organizations must establish specialized training programs, enhance workforce planning, and cultivate supportive learning environments for educators and learners. This is crucial for enhancing teaching quality, improving student outcomes, and developing a more effective approach to aligning teacher specialization with subject assignments within the school realities in the Philippines.

Access the full paper for free here:
https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.33

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